Abstract: Ternary Computing: Structured Literature Review

This structured literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of Ternary Computing, spanning its foundational theory, architectural implementations, and emerging applications. Originating from the theoretical advantages of optimal radix economy and early prototypes like the Setun computer (1958), the field offers substantial benefits in information density and interconnect reduction over conventional binary systems. Key research themes reviewed include the evolution from discrete transistor-based logic to modern implementations using CMOS, CNTFETs, and Memristors, alongside the powerful computational symmetry of balanced ternary arithmetic.

The review highlights important studies establishing the superior efficiency of ternary logic in areas like Ternary Neural Networks (TNNs) and cybersecurity protocols. Persistent debates center on the trade-off between the complexity of fabricating reliable three-state devices (maintaining sufficient noise margin) versus the gains in system-level integration. Significant gaps remain in developing a viable, manufacturable, high-yield Ternary ALU and standardizing a cohesive Ternary Memory architecture. Future research should prioritize breakthroughs in tunneling-based solid-state devices and the practical implementation of Quantum Ternary Logic (Qutrits) to fully unlock non-binary computing’s promise.

Benefit of Ternary Computing for Analog Computing

Ternary logic benefits analog computing by enabling Multi-Valued Logic (MVL) implementations that increase the information density per wire and can reduce overall component count. This is often achieved via current-mode CMOS circuits, which inherently manage the multiple current levels of ternary logic, simplifying the design of high-dynamic-range converters like Ternary Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs).