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Reformulating the Yang-Mills Mass Gap via Dual Representations
Beyond the Millennium Statement: A Dual Structure–Transformation Reformulation of the Yang–Mills Mass Gap Problem “Perhaps some mathematical problems remain difficult not because their statements are incomplete, but because they are represented from only one side.” Introduction The Clay Millennium Prize Problems are among the most carefully formulated open problems in mathematics. They are not vague…
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Entropic Gravity Explained: How Quantum Thermodynamics Could Replace Gravitons
Impact on Spaceflight Operations For decades, physicists have understood fundamental forces like electromagnetism and gravity as being mediated by quantum fields and virtual particles, such as photons and gravitons. At the same time, some forces in nature—like pressure in a gas—emerge not from fundamental interactions but from thermodynamic principles, driven by entropy and free energy.…